Diagnóstico y manejo del síndrome aórtico agudo / Diagnostic and management of acute aortic syndrom

El síndrome aórtico agudo incluye un grupo de patologías graves de la aorta, con una mortalidad hasta del 90% en los primeros 40 días tras el inicio de los síntomas. Según la localización de la lesión el tratamiento puede ser médico o quirúrgico, el cual ha demostrado mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes tanto a corto como a largo plazo. El diagnóstico oportuno es esencial para incrementar la supervivencia y disminuir la tasa de complicaciones relacionadas; no obstante, debido a la baja incidencia y presentación clínica en ocasiones inespecífica, l diagnóstico puede retrasarse u obviarse, ocasionando consecuencias catastróficas para los pacientes. Este artículo se centrará en el abordaje diagnóstico del síndrome aórtico agudo tipo A, además de ofrecer una breve revisión respecto al tratamiento médico y quirúrgico de estas patologías.

Acute aortic syndrome includes a group of serious aortic pathologies, with a mortality rate of up to 90% in the first 40 days after the onset of symptoms. Depending on the location of the lesion, the treatment will be medical or surgical which has been shown to improve the prognosis of these patients both in the short- and long-term. Timey diagnosis is essential to increase survival and decrease the rate of related complications; however, due to the low incidence and sometimes non-specific clinical picture, the diagnosis can be delayed or missed, leading to catastrophic consequences for the patients. This article will focus on the diagnostic approach of type A acute aortic syndrome, in addition to offering a brief review regarding the medical and surgical treatment of these pathologies.

Tratamiento endovascular de la enfermedad obstructiva aortoilíaca / Endovascular management of aortoiliac occlusive disease

Resumen Introducción: La angioplastia transluminal percutánea (ATP), se ha convertido en una técnica aceptada, en el tratamiento de la enfermedad obstrutiva aortoilíaca, con tasas de éxito del 90-92% y permeabilidad primaria del 55-72% a 5 años. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento endovascular del sector aortoilíaco. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo (revisión de serie de casos unicéntrica), de pacientes, sometidos consecutivamente al tratamiento endovascular (ATP simple y ATP con stent) de la patología obstructiva del sector aortoilíaco, durante un período de 7 años (2002-2019), en el Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira de Valparaíso, Chile. Resultados: Se realizaron 103 procedimientos en 94 pacientes, sexo masculino: 63,83%, femenino: 36,17%, edad promedio: 67,4 años (rango 47-96), distribución de las lesiones según la clasificación TASC II: A (46,24%), B (39,78%), C (8,60%), D (5,38%), remodelando la biburfaccción aórtica (kissing stent) en un 6,80%, procedimientos híbridos (12,62%), seguimiento promedio (47,13 meses), éxito clínico (90,29%), exito técnico (94,17%), permeabilidad primaria, primaria asistida y secundaria a 5 años del 68,09%, 75,53% y 81,91% respectivamente, tasa de salvación de la extremidad a 5 años del 84,04%, mortalidad < 30 días del 1,94%, supervivencia a 5 años del 90,42%. Discusión: Las técnicas endovasculares del sector aortoilíaco son fiables, sus resultados ténicos y permeabilidad, están influenciados por el estadio clínico del paciente y severidad de las lesiones tratadas. Conclusión: En pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados, el tratamiento endovascular del sector aortoilíaco presenta excelentes resultados, permitiendo aumentar la indicación de tratamiento en pacientes considerados de alto riesgo.

Introduction: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has become an accepted technique in the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive disease, with success rates of 90-92%, and primary patency of 55-72% at 5 years. Aim: To evaluate the results of endovascular treatment (PTA or PTA with stents) of the aortoiliac sector. Material and Method: Descriptive, retrospective study (single-center case series) of patients, consecutively subjected to endovascular treatment (PTA or PTA with stents) of aortoiliac occlusive disease, during a period of 7 years (2002 - 2019), at the Dr. Eduardo Pereira Hospital in Valparaíso, Chile. Results: 103 procedures were performed in 94 patients, male: 63.83%, female: 36.17%, mean age: 67.4 years (range 47-96), distribution of the lesions according to the TASC II classification: A (46.24%), B (39.78%), C (8.60%), D (5.38%), remodeling the aortic bifaction (kissing stent) in 6.80%, hybrid procedures (12.62%), average follow-up (47.13 months), clinical success (90.29%), technical success (94.17%), primary patency, assisted primary and secondary at 5 years of 68.09%, 75, 53% and 81.91% respectively, 5-year limb salvage rate of 84.04%, mortality < 30 days of 1.94%, 5-year survival of 90.42%. Discussion: Endovascular techniques in the aortoiliac sector are reliable, their technical results and patency are influenced by the clinical stage of the patient and the severity of the lesions treated. Conclusion: In appropriately selected patients, endovascular treatment of the aortoiliac sector, presents excellent results, allowing an increase in the indication for treatment in patients considered to be at high risk.

Desenvolvimento de modelo clínico para predição da possibilidade de identificação da artéria de Adamkiewicz por angiotomografia / Development of a clinical model to predict the likelihood of identification of the Adamkiewicz artery by angiotomography

Contexto: Diferenças morfológicas da artéria de Adamkiewicz (AKA) entre a população portadora e não portadora de doença aórtica têm importância clínica, influenciando as complicações neuroisquêmicas da medula espinhal em procedimentos operatórios. Ainda não é conhecida a correlação entre parâmetros clínicos e a previsibilidade da identificação dessa artéria pela angiotomografia. Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo matemático que, através de parâmetros clínicos correlacionados com aterosclerose, possa prever a probabilidade de identificação da AKA em pacientes submetidos a angiotomografias. Método: Estudo observacional transversal utilizando banco de imagens e dados de pacientes. Foi feita análise estatística multivariada e criado modelo matemático logit de predição para identificação da AKA. Variáveis significativas foram utilizadas na montagem da fórmula para cálculo da probabilidade de identificação. O modelo foi calibrado, e a discriminação foi avaliada pela curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). A seleção das variáveis explanatórias foi guiada pela maior área na curva ROC (p = 0,041) e pela significância combinada das variáveis. Resultados: Foram avaliados 110 casos (54,5% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 60,97 anos e etnia com coeficiente B -2,471, M -1,297, N -0,971), com AKA identificada em 60,9%. Índice de massa corporal: 27,06 ± 0,98 (coef. -0,101); fumantes: 55,5% (coef. -1,614/-1,439); diabéticos: 13,6%; hipertensos: 65,5% (coef. -1,469); dislipidêmicos: 58,2%; aneurisma aórtico: 38,2%; dissecção aórtica: 12,7%; e trombo mural: 24,5%. Constante de 6,262. Fórmula para cálculo da probabilidade de detecção: ( ) ( ) . . . . . tan 1 ( 1) Coef Etnia Coef IMC IMC Coef fumante Coef HAS Coe f dislip Cons te e − + ×+ + + + − + . O modelo de predição foi criado e disponibilizado no link https://vascular.pro/aka-model. Conclusão: Com as covariáveis etnia, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia, foi possível criar um modelo matemático de predição de identificação da AKA com significância combinada de nove coeficientes (p = 0,042)

Background: There are clinically important morphological differences in the Adamkiewicz artery (AKA) between populations that do and do not have aortic disease and they have an influence on the neuroischemic complications involving the spinal cord during surgical operations. It is not yet known whether clinical parameters correlate with the predictability of identification of the artery using angiotomography. Objective: To develop a mathematical model that by correlating clinical parameters with atherosclerosis enables prediction of the probability of identification of the AKA in patients examined with angiotomography. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational study using a patient database and image bank. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted and a logit mathematical model was constructed to predict AKA identification. Significant variables were used to build a formula for calculation of the probability of identification. This model was calibrated and its power of discrimination was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Selection of explanatory variables was based on largest area under the ROC curve (p = 0.041) and combined significance of variables. Results: A total of 110 cases were analyzed (54.5% were male, mean age was 60.97 years, and ethnicity coefficients were white -2.471, brown -1.297, and black -0.971) and the AKA was identified in 60.9%. Body mass index: 27.06 ± 0.98 (coef. -0.101); smokers: 55.5% (coef. -1.614/-1.439); diabetes: 13.6%; hypertension: 65.5% (coef. -1.469); dyslipidemia: 58.2%; aortic aneurysm: 38.2%; aortic dissection: 12.7%; and mural thrombus: 24.5%. The constant was 6.262. The formula for calculating the probability of detection is as follows: ( ) ( ) . . . ker . . tan 1 ( 1) Coef Etnicity Coef BMI BMI Coef smo Coef SAH Coef dyslip Cons t e − + ×+ + + + − + . The prediction model was constructed and made available at: https://vascular.pro/aka-model. Conclusions: Using the covariates ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, it proved possible to create a mathematical model for predicting identification of the AKA with a combined significance of nine coefficients (p = 0.042)

Reparación endovascular de coartación de aorta con parada cardiaca inducida con adenosina / Endovascular repair of aortic coarctation with adenosine induced cardiac arrest

La coartación de aorta es una estrechamiento congénito de la luz aórtica que, generalmente, afecta la porción torácica distal a la emergencia de la arteria subclavia izquierda. Esta condición es de gran importancia, pues predispone al desarrollo de patología cardiovasculares a edades tempranas, lo que se traduce en una alta morbimortalidad. Se reporta el primer caso en Costa Rica, de reparación endovascular de una coartación de aorta, mediante la colocación de un stent recubierto, con parada cardiaca inducida con adenosina. La paciente toleró el procedimiento bien y el gradiente postintervención fue menor de 5 mmHg. Su presión arterial sistémica es 100/60 mmHg y no tiene limitaciones o sintomatología...

Síndrome aórtico agudo: Revisión de la literatura y actualización del tema / Acute aortic syndrome

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) is a term that describes interrelated aortic emergencies with similar clinical characteristics and challenges. These are aortic dissection (AD), intramural hematoma (IH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). The incidence of AAS is three cases per 100.000 persons per year. Diverse genetic disorders and acquired conditions have been related to the pathogenesis of this disease. Clinical features of patients with any of the three conditions comprising AAS are very similar. A high degree of clinical suspicion and imaging studies are necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Prognosis is clearly related to underlying diagnosis and appropriate surgical repair, in the case of proximal involvement of the aorta. Involvement of distal segments of the aorta may require medical or endovascular therapy according to the presence of complications. After hospital discharge, patients require lifelong follow-up.

Effect of increased levels of adiponectin by administration of the adenovector rAAV2/1-Acrp30 on glucose, lipid metabolism and ultrastructure of the aorta in Goto–Kakizaki rats with arteriosclerosis.

Background. We used recombinant adeno-associated virus vector of adiponectin (AAV2/1-Acrp30) to study the effects of increased levels of adioponectin (by the administration of rAAV2/1-Acrp30) on arteriosclerosis, glucose and lipid metabolism in Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats with arteriosclerosis. Methods. Thirty GK rats with arteriosclerosis were divided into 3 equal groups: control group 1, control group 2 and the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group. Saline, virus vector or rAAV2/1-Acrp30 (1012 ng/ml) vector genomes administered to the rats in the corresponding group by intramuscular injection to the posterior limb by single administration, respectively. After 8 weeks, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum insulin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were measured in each group, and the ultrastructure of the aorta was seen by light and electron microscopy. Results. Compared with control groups 1 and 2, in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30 group, there was a decrease in urine volume, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in body weight and high-density lipoprotein (p<0.05), while the level of serum insulin was not changed (p>0.05). Ultrastructure studies of the aorta showed that aortosclerosis in the rAAV2/1-Acrp30-administered group was less, and fewer lipid droplet vacuoles were seen in the vascular endothelial cytoplasm. Also various cell organelles and internal elastic lamina were seen, and there was no formation of lipid droplet and foam cells in the cytoplasm of the media of the smooth muscle. Conclusion. Adiponectin could improve blood glucose and lipid parameters and decrease atherosclerosis in the aorta of GK rats.

Successful treatment of Brucella endocarditis with aortic root abscess

Brucella endocarditis is a rare but fatal complication of Brucellosis, it causes destructive valvular lesions. The aortic valve is the most common affected site. We present a case of Brucella endocarditis with aortic root abscess, the patient received a prolonged combination of antibiotic therapy, and underwent aortic valve replacement. After one and a half years of follow up, the patient is still without signs of recurrence. The high mortality in Brucella endocarditis can be overcome by early diagnosis and aggressive therapy

Angioplastia de aorta distal e artérias ilíaca, femoral, poplítea, renal e subclávia: resultados imediatos e tardios / Distal aorta, femoral, poplietal, renal and subclavian percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. early and late results

Estudar os resultados da angioplastia periférica a longo prazo. Entre agosto de 1981 e agosto de 1989 foram aplicadas 33 angioplastias periféricas em 27 pacientes. Houve sucesso em 29 procedimentos, dilataçäo insuficiente em 1 e falha de passagem nos demais 3,2 dos quais submetidos a novo procedimento com modificaçäo técnica ou outra via de acesso, obtendo'se em ambos sucesso. Houve portanto sucesso em 88% dos procedimentos e atingiu'se o objetivo em 25 (93%) dos pacientes. Foram dilatadas 34 obstruçöes, sendo 12 em artéria renal, 12 em ilíaca primitiva; 4 em ilíaca externa, 3 em femoral superficial, 1 em poplítea, 1 em subclávia e, finalmente, 1 em poplítea, 1 em aorta distal. Na evoluçäo, houve uma reestenose de artéria renal, que foi redilatada, 1 oclusäo de ilíaca primitiva representando 9% das dilataçöes de ilíaca primitiva e 6% do total de obstruçöes de ilíacas dilatadas e oclusäo de poplítea. No geral, das 34 obstruçöes dilatadas, tivemos uma patência até de 2 meses de 91%. A angioplastia periférica mostrou-se método efetivo, com alívio sintomático epersistência dos bons resultados a longo prazo

Angioplastia transluminal percutânea da aorta abdominal: relato de caso / Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the abdominal aorta: case report

É relatado o caso de uma paciente de 62 anos, portadora de claudicaçäo intermitente por estenose severa da aorta abdominal. A realizaçäo de angioplastia transluminal percutânea (ATP) da lesäo foi efetuada com sucesso, utilizando-se um único cateter. Houve reduçäo do gradiente transestenose em quase 50% e a paciente encontra-se assintomática, após três meses do procedimento. Concluímos ser a ATP da aorta abdominal um procedimento que pode ser realizado com segurança e eficácia, constituindo-se numa boa alternativa em relaçäo ao tratamento cirúrgico